Spatial variability refers to the differences that exist within a geographical area, such as variations in soil composition, climate, vegetation, or land use. This research area explores how and why these differences occur, as well as their implications for various disciplines, such as agriculture, environmental science, urban planning, and natural resource management. Researchers in this field use techniques such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial statistics to analyze and interpret these variations, ultimately seeking to better understand the complex relationships between spatial patterns and processes.